دليل لأجهزة الأرصاد الجوية وطرق الرصد / Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation

Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation:

One of the purposes of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is to coordinate the activities of its 188 Members in the generation of data and information on weather, climate, and water, according to internationally agreed standards.

With this in mind, each session of the World Meteorological Congress adopts Technical Regulations which lay down the meteorological practices and procedures to be followed by WMO Members.

These Technical Regulations are supplemented by a number of Manuals and Guides which describe in more detail the practices, procedures, and specifications that Members are requested to follow and implement.

While Manuals contain mandatory practices, Guides such as this one contain recommended practices.

The first edition of the Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation was published in 1954 and consisted of twelve chapters.
Since then, standardization has remained a key concern of the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO) activities, and CIMO has periodically reviewed the contents of the Guide, making recommendations for additions and amendments whenever appropriate.

The present, seventh, edition is a fully revised version which includes additional topics and chapters reflecting recent technological developments. Its purpose, as with the previous editions, is to give comprehensive and up-to-date guidance on the most effective practices for carrying out meteorological observations and measurements.

This edition was prepared through the collaborative efforts of 42 experts from 17 countries and was adopted by the fourteenth session of CIMO (Geneva, December 2006).

The Guide describes most instruments, systems, and techniques in regular use, from the simplest to the most complex and sophisticated, but does not attempt to deal with methods and instruments used only for research or experimentally.

Furthermore, the Guide is not intended to be a detailed instruction manual for use by observers and technicians, but rather, it is intended to provide the basis for the preparation of manuals by National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) or other interested users operating observing systems, to meet their specific needs.

However, no attempt is made to specify the full detailed design of instruments, since to do so might hinder their further development.
It was instead considered preferable to restrict standardization to the essential requirements and to confine recommendations to those features which are generally most common to various configurations of a given instrument or measurement system.

Although the Guide is written primarily for NMHSs, many other organizations and research and educational institutions taking
meteorological observations have found it useful, so their requirements have been kept in mind in the preparation of the Guide.

Additionally, many instrument manufacturers have recognized the usefulness of the Guide in the development and production of instruments and systems specially suited to Members’ needs. Because of the considerable demand for this publication, a decision was taken to make it available on the WMO website to all interested users.

Therefore, on behalf of WMO, I wish to express my gratitude to all those NMHSs, technical commissions, expert teams, and individuals who have contributed to this publication.